What's 

in the 

Cards?

 

 

by Jonathan Nelson

Would you like to have your future told? What about the future of your medical specialty? Here’s a better question – how would you like to help shape the future of your medical specialty? Get ready, because the time for change is at hand.

On March 30, Annals of Family Medicine published the recommendations of the Future of Family Medicine Project, an exhaustive two-year examination of the specialty of family medicine and its relation to the U.S. health care system. The 32-page journal supplement and the five accompanying task force reports represent the culmination of efforts by the Family Practice Working Party and the Academic Family Medicine Organizations. These organizations include AAFP, AAFP Foundation, American Board of Family Practice, Association of Departments of Family Medicine, Association of Family Practice Residency Directors, North American Primary Care Research Group and Society of Teachers of Family Medicine.

In January 2000, vigorous discussion at a meeting of the Family Practice Working Party about perceived problems with the direction and position of the specialty set the stage for the project’s genesis and within a year’s time, a planning committee had been appointed. The charge given the project was: “To develop a strategy to transform and renew the specialty of family medicine to meet the needs of patients in a changing health care environment.”

After months of planning, gathering data, polling focus groups, analyzing research and imagining countless possibilities, the report is finally out. Of course, now the real work begins. The project recommendations include the creation of a “new model” of clinical practice for family medicine, redesigning the way new family physicians are trained, developing a “basket of services” that patients can expect to access from family doctors and marketing the specialty so that family medicine is understood by the general public. Implementing the recommendations will mean addressing problems the specialty faces in academic health centers. It will mean encouraging physicians to use electronic health records in their clinics and to offer their patients asynchronous communication pathways like e-mail and voice mail. The transition will be a long process and it will ultimately require changes in physician reimbursement structures and other systemic relationships involving the entire health care system, but the project leaders are excited and eager to get started.

“We are moving forward with vision and purpose,” says TAFP member James C. Martin, M.D., of San Antonio, chair of the FFM Project Leadership Committee. “The FFM Project has provided the specialty with a compelling vision for the future and it is now up to organizational leaders and practicing family physicians around the country to take the lead in transforming health care in this country.”

In February of this year, TAFP got a sneak preview of the project recommendations when Martin and several other project leaders came to Austin for the Future of Family Medicine in Texas Conference. About 70 of family medicine’s leaders in Texas attended the two-day conference moderated by Sarah Thomas, AAFP Director of Communications.

The meeting was conceived by TAFP President F. David Schneider, M.D. “The idea for this conference came from a discussion I had with [TAFP Executive Director] Jim White,” Schneider says. “We sat down to brainstorm strategic planning for the TAFP and realized very quickly that we couldn’t do strategic planning without taking into account the FFM project … This project promises to significantly alter what we do as family docs, but only if we make that happen.”

Martin kicked off the conference with an overview of the FFM project from its inception. He detailed the concerns that led to the project’s creation, including frustration with the organization, financing and quality of the U.S. health system, a lack of public understanding about what family medicine is, and uncertainties about the specialty’s education model. “Despite its 30-year history, neither the general public nor health care professionals understand all that family medicine represents,” Martin told the audience.

 

Declining student interest in family medicine was another major concern the FFM project sought to address. According to AAFP, the number of U.S. medical school graduates choosing family medicine is down almost 50 percent since 1997. Fewer than 10 percent of U.S. medical graduates become family physicians.

To begin, the FFM project leaders had to embark upon a daunting and unforgiving examination of their own specialty. Family medicine would have to go under the microscope. The team hired Siegle and Gayle, Inc., of New York to conduct a comprehensive research campaign, which included focus groups of family physicians, patients, third-party health care payers, advocacy groups, benefits managers, Medicare and Medicaid decision makers, nurse practitioners, medical residents and students.

“Going in I really had a fear that as we started the 21st century and with Internet and people’s knowledge of health care, they would say the role of the family physician is done,” Martin said. “Great job, doc on ‘Gunsmoke,’ you did what you needed to do, but we don’t need you any more. All we need is the Internet and the Yellow Pages and a list of sub-specialists. What we found out is that people still very much want a personal physician and a long-term relationship.”

The research findings are detailed in the report and online at www.futurefamilymed.org. After the research portion of the project had been completed, Siegle and Gayle representatives led the FFM team in an analysis of the data, proposed strategies and laid out five challenges they say face the specialty:

  1. Generating understanding of family medicine;

  2. Organizing individuality;

  3. Winning respect in academic circles;

  4. Making family medicine an attractive career option; and

  5. Addressing America’s obsession with science and technology.

 

The FFM team created five task forces to sift through the data and address different aspects of the conundrum. Attendees at the FFM in Texas meeting heard presentations from each task force. Here is a list of the task forces and their charges:

Task Force 1: Identify the core attributes of family practice, reform family practice to meet consumer expectations, and determine systems of care to be delivered by family practice;

Task Force 2: Determine the training needed for family physicians to deliver core attributes and system services;

Task Force 3: Ensure that family physicians deliver core attributes and system services throughout their careers;

Task Force 4: Determine strategies for communicating the role of family physicians within medicine and health care, as well as to purchasers and consumers; and

Task Force 5: Determine family medicine’s leadership role in shaping the future health care delivery system.

“As the task force chairs came to me, they said we can complete the charges you gave us and we can make recommendations, but if we can’t change the way family physicians are valued, we are wasting our time,” Martin told the audience.

Larry Green, M.D., chair of Task Force One and director of the Robert Graham Center, described for attendees the “New Model” of care called for by the FFM project. He began by listing the five core attributes of family medicine Siegel and Gayle gleaned from discussions with family physicians. These are:

  • Deep understanding of the dynamics of the whole person;

  • Generative impact on patients’ lives;

  • Talent for humanizing the health care experience;

  • Natural command of complexity; and

  • Commitment to “multi-dimensional accessibility.”

“The public is hungry for these attributes,” Green said, “as the current health care system becomes more fragmented and impersonal and the public is confused and unaware of what family medicine is and what it represents.” He said this is the key context for imagining the New Model of practice.

As Green described it, the New Model is based on the concept of a personal medical home. It will be patient-centered rather than physician-centered and it will offer open access to patients. The New Model will offer a defined “basket of services” that patients can anticipate and while some practices may choose to augment the basket, Green doubts services will be reduced from the standard. The New Model will involve a multidisciplinary team as the source of care, and that care will be evidence-based rather than experience-based.

Green said technology would have to play a major role in the New Model. “The task force thinks there’s no reason to start on a new model of practice unless you insist on installing an electronic health record into it as its backbone and unless you’re willing to accept asynchronous communication as an essential part of practice.”

This point led to many questions later in the evening as several of the attendees shared concerns that such a heavy focus on the implementation of EHRs and technology ignored the reality that these systems are often too expensive for many practicing physicians. Other attendees raised questions challenging the idea that the New Model is much different from the status quo. But the major question hanging over the conference as the first day’s discussion ended was about money. How would any of the changes discussed so far change the way the U.S. health care system reimburses family physicians?

Presentations on the second day of the conference would demonstrate that this question was a high priority for the FFM project. Attendees learned about the project’s recommendations regarding the marketing of family medicine to the public, to health care payers and to the academic health centers. They heard some of the ways residency programs might be changed to support and teach the New Model. Then they heard from Steve Spann, M.D., chair of the Department of Family Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine and the chair of the newly appointed FFM Task Force 6, the charge of which is to explore economic models that would sustain the New Model of practice.

Spann asked the audience to think about several questions involved in the economic model that are seminal to the rollout of the FFM recommendations. What is the target median income that family medicine would need to attract medical students and keep family doctors happy? In imagining the New Model’s multidisciplinary provider team, what is the optimal ratio of physicians to midlevel providers, like physician assistants and nurse practitioners? What well-reimbursed procedures could family doctors perform that would improve health care value? What value-added services do physicians currently provide without reimbursement that could be billed in the future, like e-mail communications and referrals? What type of business organization will it take to implement these changes — a franchise model? A cooperative model?

“And finally,” Spann asked, “here’s where the rubber meets the road, if such an organization could provide the necessary products and services in a turn-key fashion, would your practice subscribe for some monthly fee — probably a fixed percentage of your practice revenues — if there was good evidence that this would positively affect your bottom line?” 

 
 

The attendees then broke into small groups to consider ways TAFP could help with the implementation of the FFM recommendations. In two different small group sessions, members generated numerous ideas, scrawled and scribbled across poster-size sheets of paper and hung on the walls of the conference hall.

By the end of the conference, the atmosphere was heady. “It’s been very exciting,” Martin said. “You can tell by the body language and the conversations.” He said he was glad that the response was so positive, especially since the conference was the first time the FFM team had exposed the project to a group of rank-and-file, practicing physicians.

As he closed the conference, Schneider told the attendees that the conference had greatly exceeded his expectations. Weeks later, he acknowledged that the specialty has a long way to go to reach the envisioned future. “The group [of conference attendees] came up with a lot of great suggestions, but it will take work to make those happen — work from all of us together,” he said.

For TAFP, that work began this March at the Interim Session meeting in Round Rock. As each committee and commission met, they found a list of recommendations from the FFM in Texas conference on their agendas. Members began working through those and finding ways to make some of them happen.

Some of the first actions TAFP will take involve identifying ongoing efforts that align with the FFM recommendations and coordinating those efforts. For example, TAFP’s Commission on Academic Affairs intends to gather information on projects at medical schools and residency programs around the state designed to increase the number of medical students entering family medicine. The Commission on Membership and Member Services will conduct a survey to better understand EHR utilization among TAFP members. FFM initiatives promise to feature much more prominently at July’s TAFP Annual Session and Scientific Assembly.

Now that the FFM report is finally published, it’s time for family physicians across the country to examine it and decide if they will buy into the recommendations or not. As Jim Martin said to the attendees of the FFM in Texas conference, “We can make strong recommendations, but if we don’t implement them, then it’s been an academic exercise that will become just a footnote in history.” Get a copy of the March/April 2004 Supplement of Annals of Family Medicine, or download it from the Web at www.annfammed.org. For more context, read the task force reports, which can also be downloaded from the Annals of Family Medicine Web site. And keep your eyes and ears open for your opportunity to shape the future.

5 Major Challenges Facing Family Medicine

Generating an understanding of family practice

Despite its 30-year history, neither the general public nor health care professionals understand all that family practice represents.

 

Organizing individuality

There is significant variance in practice scope from one family physician to the next. As a specialty, family medicine has deliberately resisted specific definition from the beginning.

 

Winning respect in academic circles

Family medicine suffers as a result of not having gained the respect and resultant endorsement of key academic institutions. Some medical schools feel that family medicine will bring neither money nor recognition to the school; as a result, they neither support the specialty nor encourage students to pursue it.

 

Making family medicine an attractive career option

Issues requiring attention include: inadequate remuneration, little recognition in the medical field, managed care challenges, quality of care yielding to pressures to increase the quantity of visits, and specialists thinking general internists are better diagnosticians than family physicians.

 

Addressing the obsession with science and technology in the United States

Family medicine is associated with neither; some people think family physicians are old-fashioned and cannot handle more critical health issues. There is a conspicuous absence of family medicine breakthrough research.

 

Source: Task Force 1. Report of the Task Force on Patient Expectations, Core Values, Reintegration, and the New Model of Family Medicine, Annals of Family Medicine, www.annfammed.org, Vol. 2, Supplement 1, March/April 2004

 
 

FUTURE OF FAMILY MEDICINE ONLINE

 

Future of Family Medicine Web site      

www.futurefamilymed.org 

 

Future of Family Medicine Report in Annals of Family Medicine, Vol. 2,

Supplement 1, March/April 2004 and Task Force Reports 

www.annfammed.org 

 

Preliminary FFM Research Results in Family Practice Management, November/December 2003, “Family Medicine Takes Center Stage” www.aafp.org/fpm/20031100/43fami.html